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IGNITION SYSTEM AND ITS DIFFERENT KINDS

WHAT IS ON THE SYSTEM?

power circuit used in gasoline engines, is in charge of blowing up an electrical spark inside the cylinders to cause combustion of the air-fuel mixture at the appropriate time. Responsible for generating a high voltage to cause electrical spark is "winding." The coil is a transformer that converts the battery voltage 12 V. in a high voltage on the order of 12,000 to 15,000. Once the high voltage generated need an element distribution to each of the cylinders in a timely manner, taking into account that policilindricos engines work in a cycle with an order given for each cylinder explosion (eg 4 cylinder firing order: 1-3-4-2). The element that is responsible for distributing the high tension is the "distributor or Delco." The high voltage to cause electrical spark within each of the cylinders need an item that is "the spark", so many candles as the number of cylinders in the engine.

CONVENTIONAL POWER SYSTEM

In the diagram below we see an "on conventional" also called "ignition switch."

COIL coil there is little to say as it is an element that gives few problems and if that fails is replaced by an (no repair). The ignition coil is nothing more than an electrical transformer that converts battery voltage into a high voltage pulse that makes the spark jump between the electrodes of the bujía.La coil is composed of an iron core rod-shaped, consisting magnetic sheet by sheet, which is funky on the secondary winding, comprising many turns of fine copper wire (between 15,000 and 30,000) properly isolated from each other and the core. Above this is funky winding the primary winding, consisting of several hundred turns of thick wire, insulated from each other and the secondary. The relationship between the number of turns of both windings (primary and secondary) is between 60 and 150.

• DEALER

also called delco distributor evolved while systems did now disappear on reaching the last ignition systems. In breaker ignition systems, is the most complex and fulfills more functions, because in addition to distributing the high voltage as its name suggests, controls the power failure of the primary winding through the switch generating the high voltage . It also fulfills the mission of advancing or delaying the point of ignition in the cylinders by a "centrifugal governor" who acts in accordance with the number of engine revolutions and a "regulatory vacuum" that acts combined with the centrifugal governor as the engine load (as this more or less set foot on the accelerator pedal).

or Delco distributor is driven by the camshaft turning the same number of turns east and half the crankshaft. The distributor drive is not always the same, at about the drive is transmitted through a pinion-pinion, leaving the dealer in a vertical position with respect to the camshaft (right figure). In other distributor is directly driven by the camshaft without any transmission, leaving the dealer in a horizontal position (figure below).

LIGHT WITH ELECTRONIC AIDS

The ignition switch covencional for benefits from the implementation of electronics in the automotive world, thus saving the inconvenience of the ignition switch are: the occurrence of misfire at high revs the engine and the wear of the contacts of the switch, forcing the vehicle to pass by workshop every few miles. This type of power is called: "on using electronic "(right picture), the switch is no longer in charge of cutting the power to the coil, this is done by a transistor (T). The switch only has control functions so that it no longer compulsory to go the vehicle by the shop so often, it eliminates the capacitor is no longer necessary and the failure at high speed improved to some extent and there comes a time when the switch contacts causing the usual bounce misfire.

contactless electronic ON

contactosUna electronic ignition without major changes delco distributor or wine produced by replacing the "switch" mechanical element, by a "pulse generator" which is an electronic element. With this type of distribution was achieved on a system called "contactless electronic ignition" as shown in the diagram in the figure below ...

The distributor equipped with "pulse generator" is equal to that used in conventional ignition systems, ie with the elements of variation of the ignition point (" regulator centrifugal "and" regulatory vacuum ") and more construction materials. The fundamental difference is in replacing the switch by a pulse generator and the elimination of condensador.El pulse generator can be of type:" inductive "and "Hall effect".

INTEGRAL ELECTRICAL POWER

electronic ignition distributor integralUna again while changing further development of the ignition system, this time away elements of the advance correction Power Point (centrifugal regulator "and" regulatory vacuum ") and the pulse generator, which is replaced by electronic components. The dealer in this type of ignition is confined to distribute, as its name indicates, the high voltage from the coil to each spark plug.

ELECTRONIC IGNITION CONDENSER DISCHARGE

electronic ignition system for discharge condensadorEste also called on thyristor "works in a different way all ignition systems treated here. Its operation is based on charging a capacitor with electrical energy to then download it at this time causing the high voltage jumps the spark in the ignition type bujías.Este applies to vehicles which operate at a high number of revolutions as cars high performance or competition, is not suitable for other vehicles as it has misfire at low revs. Ignition spark plugs is extraordinarily intense. but its duration is very short, which can cause misfiring, to solve this problem increases the separation of the electrodes of the spark plugs to get more length.The transformer used in this type of switch is similar to the conventional ignition coil only in external form, as in its internal construction varies, especially the primary inductance is much lower.


As shown in the diagram below the dealer is similar to that used in other power systems, having in this case with a pulse generator such as "induction." Within the electronic control unit have a DC source capable of raising 12V. 400V battery. There is also a capacitor that is charged with the emerging which provides the power supply, then discharged through a thyristor on the primary transformer that generate high voltage reaching each of the plugs through the distributor. As shown here the power transformer has a different mission coil ignition systems with coil, since energy is not accumulated in the transformer, but in the condenser

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CASCADE

was found that the EC has amplifier gain significant power voltage and high input impedance and output. The high input impedance is desirable, while the high output impedance has some problems . Note that the higher impedance output, the lower the current amplifier can be removed without a significant drop in output voltage. In that is used more for voltage amplification. Exclusion may provide a large output voltage, which becomes the input of the next stage of system.

the amplifier is (CC) provides high current gain with low output impedance. Can be used as a kind of power gate between a CD and a load current applicant. The CC is a power amplifier and an impedance matching stage. This amplifier is usually the final stage an amplifier output signal, since not only lowers the value of the impedance but provides the power needed to drive the load.

BC
The amplifier has a low input impedance and a relatively high output impedance. The BC can be used as voltage amplifier. This amplifier is less sensitive to frequency than other types of amplifier, and is often used between integrated circuits to provide a wide output frequency range.

• COUPLING TRANSISTORS

When a system is composed of more a transistor stage, it is necessary to connect, or dock, the transistors together. There are many common ways to achieve this understanding between amplifiers. The following sections discuss the direct coupling, capacitive, and optical transformer.

• direct link: Two amplifiers are coupled directly if the output is the first amplifier is connected directly to the input of the second without using capacitors . The AC output of the first stage is superimposed with the level of static cd the second stage. The dc level of the output of the previous stage is added to the dc level of polarization the second stage. To compensate for changes in levels of polarization, in amplifier uses different values \u200b\u200b of voltage sources cd instead of a simple source Vcc.

• The direct link: can be used effectively to engage in one ES EC amplifier. The direct-coupled amplifier has a good frequency response as there are no storage elements in series (ie, sensitive to the frequency) that affect the output signal at low frequencies.

• Link Capacitive: It is the simplest and most effective way to decouple the effects of dc level of the first stage amplifier, those of the second stage. In capacitor between the dc component of the ac signal. Therefore, the previous stage does not affect the polarization of the next. To ensure that the signal does not change significantly by the addition of a capacitor, it needs to be to behave as a short circuit for all frequencies to amplify.

• Coupling Transformer: can use a transformer for coupling two amplifier stages. This type of coupling is often used when amplifying high frequency signals. The changes are more expensive than capacitors, although their benefits may justify the additional cost. Through an appropriate choice of turns ratio, a transformer can be used either to increase the voltage gain or the current background. For example, oak stage after the amplifier output power in transformer is used to increase the current gain. There are other benefits associated with the use of a transformer. For example, the processor can be tuned to resonate so that it becomes a band pass filter (filter that passes the desired frequencies and attenuates frequencies that fall outside of the band required.)

• Optical coupling: Many applications require optical coupling of electronic circuits. These applications can be classified as follows: - sensitive devices and light emitting light. - Discrete emitters and detectors systems of fiber optic . Module - switch / reflector that detect objects that modify the light path. - Bushings / couplers that transmit electrical signals without electrical connections.

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TRANSISTORS OPERATING REGIONS

Los transistores bipolares de juntura tienen diferentes regiones operativas, definidas principalmente por la forma en que son polarizados:

• REGIÓN ACTIVA :

Cuando un transistor no está ni en su región de saturación ni en la región de corte entonces está en una región intermedia, la región activa. En esta región la corriente de colector (Ic) depende mainly from the base current (Ib) of β (current gain, is a manufacturer's specification) and resistances that are connected in the collector and emitter. This region is the most important if what you want is to use the transistor as a signal amplifier.

• REVERSE REGION:

When reverse polarity conditions of operation in active mode, the bipolar transistor starts operating in reverse. In this mode, the emitter and collector regions switch roles. Because most of the TBJ are designed to maximize the current gain in active mode, the parameter beta in reverse mode is drastically less than this in active mode.

• REGION COURT:

A transistor is off when corrientedecolector = corrientedeemisor = 0, (Ic = Ie = 0).

In this case the voltage between the collector and emitter of the transistor is the circuit supply voltage. (As there is no current flowing, there is no voltage drop, see Ohm's Law). This case usually occurs when the base current = 0 (Ib = 0)

• saturation region:

A transistor is saturated when corrientedeemisor = corrientemaxima corrientedecolector = (Ic = Ie = Imaxima).

In this case the magnitude of the current depends on the voltage supply circuit and the resistors connected in the collector or issuer or both, do Ohm's law. This case usually occurs when the base current is large enough to induce a current collector β times larger. (Remember that Ic = β * Ib)

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TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR TYPES

• NPN TRANSISTOR

NPN is one of the two types of bipolar transistors, in which the letters "N" and "P" refers to the majority charge carriers in different regions of the transistor. Most bipolar transistors used today are NPN, because the electron mobility is greater than the mobility of the "holes" in semiconductors, allowing higher currents and operating speeds.

NPN Transistors consist of a layer of semiconductor material doped P (the "base") between two layers of doped N. A small current entering the base common-emitter configuration is amplified in the collector output.

The arrow in the NPN transistor symbol is on the emitter terminal and pointed in the direction that conventional current runs when the device is in active operation.

• PNP TRANSISTOR

The other type of bipolar junction transistor is a PNP with the letters "P" and "N "referring to the majority loads in different regions of the transistor. Few transistors used today are PNP, since the NPN provides much better performance in most circumstances.

PNP transistors consist of a layer of semiconductor material doped N between two layers of doped P. PNP transistors are commonly operated with the collector to ground and the emitter connected to the positive terminal of the power supply through an external electrical load. A small stream flowing from the base allows a much larger current flow from the emitter to the collector.

The arrow on the PNP transistor is the emitter terminal and pointed in the direction that conventional current runs when the device is in active operation.

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bipolar junction transistor bipolar transistor

The bipolar junction transistor (the English Bipolar Junction Transistor or their initials, BJT) is an electronic device solid consisting of two PN junctions close together, which controls the passage of current through their terminals.

Bipolar transistors are generally used in analog electronics . Also in some applications of digital electronic as or BICMOS TTL technology. A bipolar junction transistor consists of two PN Unions on a single crystal semiconductor, separated by a very narrow region. Are thus formed three regions:

• ISSUER: That differs from the other two to be heavily doped , behaving like a metal.


• BASE: The middle, very close, which separates the emitter from the collector.


• COLLECTOR: Of much greater extent.

OPERATION In a typical configuration, the emitter-base directly and is polarized in the base-collector reverse. Due to thermal agitation of charge carriers can cross the barrier emitter of emitter-base potential and reach the base. In turn, almost all carriers that arrived are driven by the electric field between the base and collector.

The core region of a transistor must be constructively thin so that carriers can diffuse through it in much less time than the minority carrier lifetime of semiconductor, to minimize the percentage carriers that recombine before reaching the base-collector junction. The thickness of the base should be less than the width of diffusion of electrons.

• CONTROL VOLTAGE, CHARGE AND CURRENT

collector-emitter current can be seen as controlled by the base-emitter current (current control), or the base-emitter voltage (voltage control .) This is due to the voltage-current relationship of base-emitter junction, which is the exponential voltage-current curve of a pn junction usual (ie, a diode ).

In analog circuit design, power control is used because it is approximately linear. This means that the collector current is approximately β times the base current. Some circuits can be designed assuming the base-emitter voltage is approximately constant, and that the collector current is β times the base current. However, to design circuits using BJT accurately and reliably, it requires the use of mathematical models of the transistor as the Ebers-Moll model .

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The transistor is an electronic device semiconductor that acts as amplifier, oscillator , switch or rectifier. The term "transistor" is a contraction in English Shuttle resistor (" transfer resistance"). Currently they are found in almost all everyday household goods, radios, televisions, recorders, audio and video players, microwave ovens, washing machines, automobiles, refrigeration equipment, alarms, quartz watches, computers, calculators, printers, fluorescent lamps, X-ray equipment, scanners, ultrasound scanners, mp3 players, cell phones, etc.. Substitute

thermionic valve of three electrodes or triode, the bipolar transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories of EE. UU. in December 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain and William Bradford Shockley , who were awarded the Nobel Prize of Physics in 1956.

The transistor consists of a substrate (usually silicon) and three parts artificially doped two junctions are bipolar, the transmitter that emits carriers, the collector who receives or collects and the third, which is sandwiched between the first two modulates the passage of these carriers (base). Unlike valve, the transistor is a current controlled device and obtained amplified current. In the design of transistor circuits are considered an active element, unlike resistors, capacitors and inductors are passive elements. Its operation can only be explained by quantum mechanics .

In simple terms, the current flowing through the "collector" is amplified function that is injected into the "sender", but the transistor graduates only the current flowing through itself, except from one source DC power is fed the "base" for load flow for the "collector", according to the type of circuit is used. The amplification factor achieved between base current and collector current, the transistor is called Beta. Other parameters to take into account and that are specific to each type of transistor are: Breakdown Voltage Collector Emitter, Base Emitter, Collector Base, Maximum power, heat dissipation, operating frequency, and several tables which are plotted various parameters such as base current, collector emitter voltage, base-emitter voltage, emitter current, etc. The three basic types of schemes use analog transistors are common emitter, common collector and base common.